Menu
Pink has a lot to say about monogamy.
The pop star, 38, has been with her husband, Carey Hart, for 11 years. She’s also never shied away from the challenges that come with being married and raising two kids.
Pinky Pradhan Oriya Actress. First she is attracted to dance, then modeling. She has worked with oriya models like, Jyoti Mishra, Usasi Mishra, Jubuli & others. She has acted in many ad commericials of national & state level. Pinky’s debut oriya film is ‘Je Panche Para Manda’. She has anchored many TV shows like, ‘Boom Saka Laka’. This page provides latest and updated information about Pinky Pradhan. Pinky Pradhan is Actor and has worked in Oriya. The celebrity has 0 fans, 0 likes and 0 dislikes. The StarMeter rating of this celebrity is 134. Pinky Pradhan has approximately worked in 3 movies and 0 TV Shows You can like, dislike this celebrity and also can join fan club.
“There are moments where I look at [Hart] and he is the most thoughtful, logical, constant… he’s like a rock. He’s a good man,” Pink candidly shared in a new Guardian interview. “He’s a good dad. He’s just the kind of dad I thought he’d be and then some.”
Then, Pink shares there are times when the tables have turned.
“And then I’ll look at him and go: I’ve never liked you,” she added. “There’s nothing I like about you. We have nothing in common. I don’t like any of the sh-t you like. I don’t ever wanna see you again. Then two weeks later I’m like, things are going so good, you guys.”
The ups and downs of marriage can certainly have an effect on her sex life, on which she doesn’t hold back.
“Then you’ll go through times when you haven’t had sex in a year,” she said. “Is this bed death? Is this the end of it? Do I want him? Does he want me?”
“Monogamy is work! But you do the work and it’s good again,” the “Funhouse” singer shared.
Last year, Pink confessed on “Ellen” that she and Hart have taken breaks in their relationship. They split in 2003 before getting married and then again parted ways in 2008 – the latter nearly turning into divorce.
“We’ve had two breaks,” Pink said. “The first one was about a year. And the second one was 11 months.”
Srimati Radharani | |
---|---|
Krishna and Radha at Mayapur temple | |
Affiliation | Lakshmi, madhavpriya, vrindavaneshwari, Vaishnavism, form of krishna's love and bhakti |
Abode | Goloka, Barsana, Vrindavan, Braj Dham, Vaikuntha |
Symbol | Golden Lotus |
Texts | Brahmavaivarta Purāṇa, Devi-Bhagavata Purana, Gita Govinda and many others |
Personal information | |
Born | Barsana, Surasena (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India) |
Consort | Krishna |
Parents |
|
Radha (Sanskrit: राधा, IAST: Rādhā), also called Radhika, Radharani, and Radhe, is a Hindu goddess popular in Hinduism, especially in the Vaishnavism tradition. She is said to be the head of the milkmaids as Pradhan Gopika (chief amongst all gopis) (also called the gopis or Braj Gopikas) who resided in Braj Dham. She is the power potency of the supreme personality of Godhead Para Brahman, who is Shri Krishna according to Vaishnavite, Shrimad Bhagwatam, Bhagwat Geeta and other ancient texts.[2][3] She is the personification of pure devotional service unto sri krishna (bhakti devi). She is thought of as the supreme Goddess in her own right and celebrated on the festive day of Radhastami.
She is also called Vrindavaneshwari (Queen of the Sri Vrindavan Dham). She appeared as queen of milkmaids and queen of Vrindavan-Barsana. She taught selfless love and surrender to the Godhead Shri Krishna. She is considered the supreme goddess in Vaishnavism. Rasik sants have mentioned her as a descension of the Supreme Goddess, Source of the Infinite Lakshmi and the original form of Yogmaya and Allhadini Shakti (Power of Divine Love) which is main Power of the Godhead Shree Krishna. She and her consort Krishna are collectively known as Radha Krishna, the combined form of feminine as well as the masculine realities of God. Lord Krishna often underwent various kinds of 'leelas' with Her.
Radha is worshipped in some regions of India, particularly by Gaudiya Vaishnavas, Vaishnavas in West Bengal, Bangladesh Manipur, and Odisha. Elsewhere, she is revered in the Nimbarka Sampradaya and movements linked to Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.[4][5]
Shreemati Radharani ji is considered a metaphor for the human spirit (aatma), her love and longing for Prabhu Shree Krishna ji is theologically viewed as symbolic of the human quest for spiritual growth and union with the divine.[6] She has inspired numerous literary works,[4] and her Rasa lila dance with Krishna has inspired many types of performance arts till this day.[7] She is said to be incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi and Krishna is her husband Lord Vishnu's incarnation.
- 2Description
- 3Influence
Etymology[edit]
The Sanskrit term Rādhā (Sanskrit: राधा) means 'prosperity, success'.[8][9] It is a common word and name founded in various contexts in the ancient and medieval texts of India. Of these the most celebrated is the name of the gopi who was the beloved of Krishna. Both Radha and Krishna are the main characters of Gita Govinda of Jayadeva.[8] Radha in this context is considered the avatar of Lakshmi, just like Krishna is considered an avatar of Vishnu.[8]
Similarly, In Hit Harivansh and Swami Haridas Literature, Radha is considered as the main form of deity. Here, Radha is not an avatar of Laxmi but another form of supreme god Shri Krishn Himself. In Devi Bhagvat and Brahma Vaibtra Purana, Radha is mentioned as the source of infinite Laxmi, Gopis, and mother of infinite souls. Jagadguru Shri Kripalu Ji Maharaj (the 5th original Jagadguru) elaborately described the virtue of Radha and has given a brief description of Shri Radha in his lectures and Kirtans. He has said, 'She is the Supreme Goddess and is worshipped by everyone including Godhead Shri Krishna himself and that's why she is called Radha; means one who is the form of worship.'
The term is related to Rādha (Sanskrit: राध), which means 'kindness, any gift but particularly the gift of affection, success, wealth'.[8] The word appears in the Vedic literature as well as the Epics, but is elusive and not as a major deity.[3]
Rādhikā refers to an endearing form of Gopi Radha.[8]
Description[edit]
Radha with Krishna, a 1915 painting.
Radha is an important goddess in the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism. She is a goddess whose traits, manifestations, descriptions, and roles vary with region. Since the earliest times, she has been associated with one of the most popular Hindu gods, the cowherd Krishna.[2] In the early Indian literature, her mentions are illusive and not as common as other major goddesses of Hinduism, but during the Bhakti movement era she became popular among Krishna devotees whose strength is her love.[10]
According to Jaya Chemburkar, there are at least two significant and different aspects of Radha in the literature associated with her, such as Sriradhika namasahasram. One aspect is she is a milkmaid (Gopi), another as a female deity similar to those found in the Hindu goddess traditions.[11] She also appears in Hindu arts as ardhanari with Krishna, that is an iconography where half of the image is Radha and the other half is Krishna. This is found in sculpture such as those discovered in Maharashtra, and in texts such as Shiva Purana and Brahmavaivarta Purana.[12] In these texts, this ardhanari is sometimes referred to as Ardharadhavenudhara murti, and it symbolizes the complete union and inseparability of Radha and Krishna.[12]
Radha's depictions vary from being an already married woman who becomes a devotee of Krishna in a secondary role,[6] to being dual divinity equal to Krishna in Jayadeva's Gita Govinda, to being supreme object of devotional love for both Krishna and devotees in Rupa Gosvami's tradition.[2][10]
In some Hindu sub-traditions, Radha is conceptualized as a goddess who breaks social norms by leaving her marriage, and entering into a relationship with Krishna to pursue her love.[6] According to Heidi Pauwels, it is a 'hotly debated issue' whether Radha was already married or had remembered Krishna while she remained married. Radha asked Krishna why he can't marry her, the reply came “Marriage is a union of two souls. You and I are one soul, how can I marry myself?” [13] Several Hindu texts allude to these circumstances.[6] Krishna is a highly misunderstood Godly being in Hindu scriptures. A lot of people assumes that Radha and Krishna had an affair that didn't last long, that's it. But, if it was the case, how come Radha's name is always taken before Krishna even 5000 years after their demise? It is so because eternal, platonic, and consciously active love swims the ocean of time. The tale of Radha Krishna is not normal. Even the artists that draw the mesmerizing depiction of Radha Krishna are sometimes not able to understand the true spirit of these characters.
Radha's story has inspired many paintings. Above: Radha waiting for Krishna by Raja Ravi Varma.
According to David Kinsley, a professor of Religious Studies known for his studies on Hindu goddesses, the Radha-Krishna love story is a metaphor for divine-human relationship, where Radha is the human devotee or soul who is frustrated with the past, obligations to social expectations and the ideas she inherited, who then longs for real meaning, the true love, the divine (Krishna). This metaphoric Radha (soul) finds new liberation in learning more about Krishna, bonding in devotion and with passion.[6][14]
Radha & Sita[edit]
Shrimati Radharani is the source of all Lakshmis in Vaikuntha. Just like Krishna changes his appearance by holding a bow and arrow rather than flute and become Shri Ramchandra similarly Shrimati Radharani assumes the form of Shrimati Sita devi in the Ramayana past Time. The popular Itihasas and other legendary literature of the Hindu traditions present two major Lakshmiavatars – Radha and Sita, and two major Vishnu avatars as their respective companions – Krishna in the Mahabharata and Rama in the Ramayana. The Radha-Krishna and Sita-Rama pairs represent two different personality sets, two perspectives on dharma and lifestyles, both cherished in the way of life called Hinduism.[15] Sita is traditionally wedded, dedicated, and virtuous wife of Rama, an introspective temperate paragon of a serious, virtuous man.[16][17][18] Radha is a power potency of Krishna, a playful adventurer.[16][15]
Radha and Sita offer two competing templates within the Hindu tradition.[15] If 'Sita is a queen, aware of her social responsibilities', states Pauwels, then 'Radha is exclusively focused on her romantic relationship with her lover', giving two contrasting role models from two ends of the moral universe. Yet they share common elements as well. Both love their man and their lives, both face life challenges, both are committed to their true love and both have been influential, adored and beloved goddesses in the Hindu culture.
Therefore, in their deepest meaning, when they are referred to each other; like Krishna and Rama, they will continue their 'past life' and 'achieve their dharma' in this way. This is espeacially interesting in the spheres of astrology.[15][19]
Influence[edit]
14th-century fresco of Radha Krishna in Udaipur, Rajasthan
A 16th-century Radha sculpture in copper from Bengal.
In some devotional (bhakti) traditions of Vaishnavism that focus on Krishna, Radha represents 'the feeling of love towards Krishna'.[4] For some of the adherents of these traditions, her importance approaches or even exceeds that of Krishna. Radha is worshipped along with Krishna in Bengal, Assam and Odisha by Vaishnava Hindus. Elsewhere, such as with Visnusvamins, she is a revered deity.[20] She is considered to be his original shakti, the supreme goddess in both the Nimbarka Sampradaya and following the advent of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu also within the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition.[4][5]
Radha Chalisa mentions that Krishna accompanies one who chants ' Radha' with pure heart. Other gopis are usually considered to be self willing maidservants (Sevika) of Radha. Radharani's superiority is seen in Krishna's flute, which repeats the name Radha. Between Radha and Rukmini, Radha is superior.
Radha's connection to Krishna is of two types: svakiya-rasa (married relationship) and parakiya-rasa (a relationship signified with eternal mental 'love'). The Gaudiya tradition focuses upon parakiya-rasa as the highest form of love, wherein Radha and Krishna share thoughts even through separation. The love the gopis feel for Krishna is also described in this esoteric manner as the highest platform of spontaneous love of God, and not of a sexual nature.[citation needed]
Nimbarka[edit]
Nimbarka was the first well known Vaishnava scholar whose theology centered on goddess Radha.[21][22]
Temples[edit]
Left:Radha-Krishna Prem Mandir (Love Temple) in Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh; Right: Krishna-Radha in Gokarneshwar temple, Nepal.
Radha and Krishna are the focus of temples in the Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Vallabhacharya, Chandidas and other sub-traditions of Vaishnavism.[5] She is typically shown standing immediately next to Krishna, jeweled up like a bride, happy.[5] Some important Radha temples are:
- Barsana and Vrindavan in Mathura District, Northern India contain a large number of temples dedicated to both Radha and Krishna, including the Radhavallabh Temple.[23] Sri Sri Radha Parthasarathi Mandir in Delhi is also the Radha krishna Temple.[24][25]
- The Shree Raseshwari Radha Rani Temple at Radha Madhav Dham in Austin, Texas, USA, established by Jagadguru Shree Kripaluji Maharaj, is one of the largest Hindu Temple complexes in the Western Hemisphere,[26] and the largest in North America.[27][28][29]
See also[edit]
- Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir – the tallest Radha-Krishna temple under construction
References[edit]
- ^ abJackie Menzies (2006). Goddess: divine energy. Art Gallery of New South Wales. p. 54.
- ^ abcJohn Stratton Hawley; Donna Marie Wulff (1982). The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–12. ISBN978-0-89581-102-8.
- ^ abMiller, Barbara Stoler (1975). 'Rādhā: Consort of Kṛṣṇa's Vernal Passion'. Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 95 (4): 655–671. doi:10.2307/601022.
- ^ abcdJohn Stratton Hawley; Donna Marie Wulff (1982). The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xiii–xviii. ISBN978-0-89581-102-8.
- ^ abcdRoshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. pp. 321–322. ISBN978-0-14-341421-6.
- ^ abcdeDavid Kinsley (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. pp. 81–86, 89–90. ISBN978-0-520-90883-3.
- ^Guy L. Beck (2006). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. State University of New York Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN978-0-7914-6416-8.
- ^ abcdeMonier Monier-Williams, Rādhā, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 876
- ^Sukumar Sen (1943), 'Etymology of the Name Radha- krishana,' Indian Linguistics, Vol. 8, pp. 434–435
- ^ abHeidi R. M. Pauwels (1996), The Great Goddess and Fulfilment in Love: Rādhā Seen Through a Sixteenth-Century Lens, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 59, No. 1 (1996), pp. 29–43
- ^Jaya Chemburkar (1976), ŚRĪRĀDHIKĀNĀMASAHASRAM, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 57, No. 1/4 (1976), pp. 107–116
- ^ abShrikant Pradhan (2008), A UNIQUE IMAGE OF 'ARDHARADHAVENUDHARAMURTI: OR 'ARDHANARI KRISHNA', Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Vol. 68/69 (2008–2009), pp. 207–213
- ^Heidi R.M. Pauwels (2008). The Goddess as Role Model: Sita and Radha in Scripture and on Screen. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN978-0-19-970857-4.
- ^Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 147. ISBN978-0-14-341421-6.
- ^ abcdHeidi R.M. Pauwels (2008). The Goddess as Role Model: Sita and Radha in Scripture and on Screen. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–15, 497–517. ISBN978-0-19-970857-4.
- ^ abVālmīki; Robert P Goldman (Translator) (1990). The Ramayana of Valmiki: Balakanda. Princeton University Press. p. 3. ISBN9781400884551.
- ^Dimock Jr, E.C. (1963). 'Doctrine and Practice among the Vaisnavas of Bengal'. History of Religions. 3 (1): 106–127. doi:10.1086/462474. JSTOR1062079.
- ^Marijke J. Klokke (2000). Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia. BRILL. pp. 51–57. ISBN90-04-11865-9.
- ^Jacqueline Suthren Hirst; Lynn Karen Thomas (2004). Playing for Real: Hindu Role Models, Religion, and Gender. Oxford University Press. pp. 117–140. ISBN978-0-19-566722-6.
- ^Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1955), A Note on the Development of Radha Cult, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 36, No. 3/4 (July – October 1955), pp. 231–257
- ^Singh, K.B. (2004). 'Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretat1on'. Sociology of Religion in India. ISBN978-0-7619-9781-8. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
- ^Kinsley, D. (2010). 'Without Krsna There Is No Song'. History of Religions. 12 (2): 149. doi:10.1086/462672. Retrieved 3 May 2008. 'Nimbarka seems to have been the first well-known religious leader to regard Radha as central to his worship (thirteenth century)'
- ^Radhavallabh Temple
- ^'Asia and India ISKCON temples'. Radha.
- ^'Archived copy'. Dandavats. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^Vedic Foundation Inaugurated at Barsana Dham, AustinArchived 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved Dec 15th, 2011.
- ^Ciment, J. 2001. Encyclopedia of American Immigration. Michigan: M.E. Sharpe
- ^Hylton, H. & Rosie, C. 2006. Insiders' Guide to Austin. Globe Pequot Press.
- ^Mugno, M. & Rafferty, R.R. 1998. Texas Monthly Guidebook to Texas. Gulf Pub. Co.
Further reading[edit]
- Krsna: The Supreme Personality of Godhead (ISBN0-89213-354-6) by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
- Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions (ISBN81-208-0379-5) by David Kinsley
- Hawley J.S. & D.M. Wulff (ed.) (1986) The Divine Consort: Radha and the Goddesses of India, Beacon Press, Boston, ISBN0-8070-1303-X.
External links[edit]
Listen to this article (info/dl)
This audio file was created from a revision of the article 'Radha' dated 2016-11-13, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
![Husband Husband](/uploads/1/2/5/8/125838265/321053058.jpg)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Radha (category) |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Radha |
- Devi in Hinduism (with Radha), Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
- Radha in the Erotic Play of the Universe, David C. Scott, United Theological College, Bangalore
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radha&oldid=903203785'